Zero hardness of water is achieved by using ___
Zero hardness of water is achieved by using ___
Alime soda process
Bexcess lime treatment
Cion exchange method
Dusing excess alum dosage
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correct answer is: option c (ion exchange method)
Explanation: Zero hardness in water, meaning complete removal of all hardness-causing ions (calcium and magnesium), is best achieved through the ion exchange method. This process uses resins that selectively replace these ions with sodium or hydrogen ions, effectively softening the water to zero hardness.
- Option a: Lime soda process reduces hardness but doesn't typically achieve zero hardness. It precipitates calcium and magnesium as carbonates.
- Option b: Excess lime treatment aims to remove both carbonate and non-carbonate hardness, but achieving complete zero hardness is challenging and not the primary goal. While it removes a significant amount of hardness, achieving *zero hardness* isn't guaranteed or easily controllable.
- Option c: Ion exchange method is designed and capable of achieving zero hardness by replacing all hardness-causing ions with sodium or hydrogen.
- Option d: Using excess alum dosage is a coagulation process used for removing turbidity and suspended solids, and does not remove hardness.
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